A research proposal

Children always gesture while explaining what they have to answer, narrate or describe. Almost all the studies, which have been made on children gesture, concluded saying gesture is a vehicle through which children express their knowledge.When children are asked explain a concept they are acquiring, they will always gesture discordant, which means conveying one message in speech and another in gesture. These children are shown to be in a transitional state in the sense that they are particularly receptive to instruction- in fact, more receptive to instructions than the children who convey the same procedure in speech and gesture (1993).Although it is important to be able to describe the learner’s state before and after the task has been mastered, characterizing the process that bridges these two states is the key to understanding learning. Unfortunately, in many studies of learning in both adults and children, performance, procedures, and mental representation are described be fore and after learning.While little attention is paid to the transition between these states (1989). One potential source of information about unverbalized mental processes is the spontaneous gestures that accompany speech.Studies have also shown that child’s gestures can be used to predict child’s performance on a learning task. When a child produces gesture – speech mismatch on a given problem, that child by definition conveys deferent information in gesture and speech.Surprisingly the information child expresses in gesture in such mistakes is typically not ever conveyed in speech during that assessment period, even across a series of test problems(1995). This finding suggested that the child who produces mismatches posses at least some knowledge that he or she cannot verbalize but can only express it in gesture, that is, knowledge that is uniquely expressed in gesture.The studies concluded this assumption saying this concept necessarily rest on the assumptio n that the child’s gestures are an accurate reflection of what the child knows (1998). If the gestures are the accurate expression what the child knows the gestures will have a great deal to do with the source of the knowledge the children have. Studies have not discussed much about the source of knowledge child has really influencing the gestures the child make.Indeed, all of the gesture – speech mismatch studies reported have been based on the assumption that gesture is a vehicle through which children can express meaning. And the fact that these studies have yielded coherent results provides indirect evidence for this assumption (1998).The studies also undoubtedly state that gesture has the potential to offer a unique source of insight into the mind of a child. This proposed study is to seek empirical evidence to make sure that the source of knowledge a child has would always have an influence on the gestures the child make while expressing that knowledge. It is bec ause, one must assume that if gesture is the vehicle through which children can express meaning, gesture is the vehicle through which adults can transport knowledge to the children for comprehension.The speech – gesture mismatch children would make in the expression can be caused from the variations the child observes in the adults expressions. These variations in the adults gestures also cause the difference in the duration of this transition period. Children pay attention to information conveyed in gesture, the y learn from it. Children instructed in mathematics equivalent problems (e.g., 3 + 4 + 5 = _ + 5) are more likely to learn when the instruction includes speech and gesture than it includes only speech (2005).This experience beyond doubt proves that children pay attention to the gestures the see and grasp information from them. Gestures have an indexical function. This indexical function of the gestures is what particularly enabling the children to benefit from the ge stures and comprehend more. There can be deference in this indexical actions in gestures of different people in deferent cultures and different climatically and social conditions. Gesture thus serves the purpose of visual in a learning process.This study here experiment that Conditions under which indexical gestures convey lessons to the children by the adults has anything to do with the speech – gesture mismatch children produce in their expressions.   Participating in an interactive section the enhancement of comprehension is vital. Enhancing the comprehension will mean the duration of above said transition will be reduced. Helping children to be effective communicators.It will definitely be possible when the studies on the obvious reasons for the speech – gesture mismatch are dealt with. In order to make this study work the experiment should include narrations and description of intangible object with gestures.And concrete things and theories also can be framed to experimental questions. All three of this categories in two sets, one with gestures seek comprehension and answers from children of two age groups,   while other seek comprehension and answers from children of two age groups of the same participants, without gestures.

Despite Criticisms Essay

1. Despite criticisms, the classical approach to business management is still relevant today. Discuss one example to support this statement. (25%) Classical approach on management can be in terms of three major perspective: scientific management, Bureaucracy and administrative principles, which are emphasis on purpose and formal structure, for instance, planing of work, technical requirements of organisation, principles of management, etc. Although this idea was emerged at 19th century, it does influence the management style today and some of it’s ideas are still relevant. UPS, a well-known shipping, freight and logistics company globally, which is a very good example of using classical approach to their management in nowadays business, especially in the bureaucracy aspect. UPS is not only follow the idea of Max Weber (1864 – 1920), the advocate of the idea of bureaucracy and also a sociologist, that the separation of management and ownership like many companies today, but also focus on the impersonal and rational management. UPS set out a huge amount of rules, procedures and regulations on every departments, for example, They teach their drivers 340 steps for how to deliver a package correctly, such as how to load the truck, fasten their seat belt, walk, carry their keys, etc. Strict dress code is a must: clean uniform, black or brown polished shoes with nonslip soles, no beard, no hair below the collar, no tattoo visible during deliveries, and so on. They also has well division of labour: specialized drivers, loaders, clerks, washers, sorters and maintenance personnel. All of them have to do formal record keeping, like, drivers have daily worksheets that specify performance goals and work output. When UPS want to hiring or promote employees, technical qualification is the main criterion. UPS use those impersonal management style to avoid irrationality in order to be more efficient and adaptable to change, because continuity is related to formal structure and positions rather then particular person who may leave or even die. Also, those rules and procedures provide a standard way of dealing with employees. Hence, everyone gets equal treatment, and everyone knows what the rules are, this has enabled them to become efficient as well. Although, classical approach contribute a lot in today’s management, it ignore the humanistic factory and psychological need. It may cause other problems, for instance, over relying on technical qualification ignore the human aspect, since working ability cannot only be measured by technical qualification. Moreover, If organisations lose the balance, employees may be frustrated by endless rules and red tape which may eventually lower the effectiveness. And it makes work become boring and repetitive, employees become a cog of a big machines, that would lead to high levels of absenteeism and labour turnover. That the reason why classical approach is not the mainstream of today’s management, although it’s still relevant.

Local Studies

Mobile Restaurants or simply street food is ready-to-eat food or drink sold in a street or other public place, such as a market or fair, by a hawker or vendor, often from a portable stall. While some street foods are regional, many are not, having spread beyond their region of origin. Most street foods are also classed as both finger food and fast food, and are cheaper on average than restaurant meals. According to a 2007 study from the Food and Agriculture Organization, 2. 5 billion people eat street food every day. Today, people may purchase street food for a number of reasons, such as to obtain reasonably priced and flavourful food in a sociable setting, to experience ethnic cuisines and also for nostalgia. Historically, in places such as ancient Rome, street food was purchased because the urban poor did not have kitchens in their homes. What makes a restaurant awesome? Some would say great food and the right ambiance? Great food is subjective and varies with each person’s experience and background. However, to be considered awesome, a restaurant has to take the overall dining experience to a higher level. That means food that leaves an indelible mark on your taste buds and imprints lasting memories in your mind in an ambiance that carves out a special place in the heart to share with other people. Each serves gourmet food with the freshest ingredients, and combines nature elements, artifacts or a sense of history in its atmosphere. Simply put, these restaurants have a story to tell that is spread via word-of-mouth. I can proudly say that these restaurants are found only in the Philippines. Inspired by the outdoor markets of Mercato Centrale in Florence and the Boroughs Market in London, Mercato Centrale at Bonifacio Global City is an innovative weekend lifestyle market with unique, great tasting food finds that you won’t find anywhere around the metro. Mercato also has an extensive selection of healthy and organic fruits, vegetables and livestock, all located in a clean, comfortable, well-ventilated and organized setting. On top of a fantastic food selection, Mercato will be full of fun activities, cooking demonstrations and live entertainment that will keep your family coming back for more every weekend.

Bussiness essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bussiness - Essay Example Chuodhury & Galeta (1998) provided seven goals for achieving competitive advantage. A great example of a company that has managed to sustain competitive advantage in while using the seven goals framework is Google, the search engine. There are quite a number of search engines to date yet Google has managed to stand out as the best. It successfully managed to hold off at least for a significant amount of time the entry of other search entries into the market. Which is often the quickest way to achieve competitive advantage, ensure uniqueness of a brand and hold off competition long enough to establish and renew a company. 2. Considering that Google was among the first search engines to effectively exist, it has established a reliable customer base which is yet another way to achieve competitive advantage. It has also managed to change appropriately to cater to the customers’ needs and wants. Google has further made an attempt to always offer more services and products like new web applications and recently advertising services. Despite the numerous entries into e-commerce and the numerous entries into similar businesses it is still highly possible for companies to achieve competitive advantage. Creating a unique niche is always the fastest way to do so yet upon the availability of similar fields within a certain niche use of strategy will ensure acquisition of competitive advantage as

Labour market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Labour market - Essay Example mployees as well as maximizing their profits, have resorted to transferring a lot of risks to their employees which makes then to feel more insecure about their positions in employment. Owing to the fact that employees are the most essential requirement of an organization, human resources are becoming de-motivated as well as disturbed. As a result of such disturbance, their rate of performance and devotion towards the assigned duties are reducing thereby declining the total productivity of the organization. Therefore, in order to mitigate such negative impacts of jobs flexibilities, maximum extent of the organizations are now trying to implement the strategy of restructuring and reorganization at the workplace. The statement thus portrays a true picture of what is taking place in the current set up in the labor market. A strategy aimed at reducing rate of employee turnover which is as a result of increased flexibility is thus necessary to be introduced and implemented in organizations. Otherwise, it might result in bankruptcy as well as enhancement of termination or attrition of the workers from the organization thereby declining its brand image and portfolio in the market among many other rival contenders. However, due to attrition, the rate of living standard and life style of the employee. As a result of which, the rate of unemployment and poverty is increasing that make hinder the economic prosperity of a nation or country as compared to others (Kalleberg, 2001, pp. 479-504). Organizations thus need to adopt an approach that is geared towards addressing the various forms of flexibilities that is being witnessed in current times. This essay mainly tries to highlight, the fact that due t o various labour market flexibilities, the rate of job insecurity is increasing and may lead into serious consequences in the labor market. Flexibility in the labor market can be described as the ability of an organization to make amendment to its labor force in regard to the

Equity and Trusts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Equity and Trusts - Essay Example These recent legal decisions have contributed a lot in refining the traditional stipulations surrounding. This been well illustrated in the amounts of emphasis currently attached to beneficiaries’’ loss as a result of a trustee’s actions. The law provides that a trustee should manage a trust property (in this case a fund) on behalf of beneficiaries. This is a discussion that surrounds misappropriation of trust funds by a trustee and focuses on the best legal advice to be given to the beneficiary. Introduction A trust is defined as an equitable duty that binds one person to handle property owned by him or her (but not his or her private property) on behalf of other persons in which any of these other persons my enforce the obligation; including the person himself or herself. This person is called a trustee while the others are beneficiaries and, as stated, the trustee could also be a beneficiary. The writer of the trust is called a settler. Hepburn insisted that o bligation is equitable1. Some scholars have clarified that the popular obligation of conscience is not necessarily the same as ‘equitable obligation The prime obligation of a trustee is to run, handle and manage the trust on behalf of the beneficiaries. Over time however, it has been established that trustees could misappropriate the trust property; which led to the development of rules of equities to act as checks and balances. For instances, rules of equity stipulate that trustees cannot invest trust funds in their own private businesses but only beneficiary-authorized ventures. The beneficiaries are said to own the equitable interest in the trust fund or property and are required to demand for good management of the trust. Beneficiaries can sue trustees for mismanagement or breach of trust. The beneficiaries are entitled to proprietary interest emanating proceeding from the trust property or fund; and are entitled to pass it to others2. The beneficiaries have a legal duty t o terminate the trustees’ legal titles to them. However, their age and absolute entitlement to the trust must be unquestionable. Jeremy Versus Kevin and Joint Trust In advising Kevin and the Joint Trust, there are a several features of a trust to be considered. It should be noted that the principle of equity is effected by the owner, trustee, in his or her own conscience. This is popularly known as implied or express trust. But if law comes in and forces the trustee to perform functions for which the property was conferred, that becomes a constructive. Using this power and the legal disposition discussed above, Kevin should go ahead and instruct his father to confer the legal title to him; otherwise seek court’s direction. The second advice to Kevin would probably rhyme with the second feature of trusts: conscience. For all intends and purposes, Jeremy, the trustee’s conscience is affected by at least some factors. This is illustrated by his decision to transfer the trust fund to his private account; which was of course not the original purpose of the trust. It means therefore that the trustee automatically rendered the trust from being implied or express. Establishment of a trust depends on a property that can be identified. In this case, Jeremy, by dishonestly transferring the trust fund, breached the trust and the ‘property is not identifiable’3; thus a trust cannot be established and if it was prior established, it should end. Alternatively, since the trustee is already under constructive trust terms, through a court process, then he should be made to refund the trust fund. After a trust is up and running, a proprietary interest on the part of the beneficiary starts to build up. Jeremy should be compelled by law to transfer legal title of the trust, refund the trust’

An ethical dilemma for the new CEO of Cheryl Tobin Essay

An ethical dilemma for the new CEO of Cheryl Tobin - Essay Example The CEO should lead this team that would be handpicked by her in order to ensure that the internal employees cannot hamper the investigations. This is because it should be remembered that the CEO has no concrete evidence of a fraud in the company and the basis of the CEO’s thoughts are largely based on reports reported from external sources that can be largely dubbed as rumors. Acting on rumors and engaging an external agency would not only harm the company’s reputation but would also take the CEO on a collision course with the other senior management members. Only if the initial inquiry reflects frauds, then an external agency can be hired so as to ensure minimal damage to the reputation of the organization. It would also ensure that the employees and the senior management would not vary of the fact that the CEO who has been hired from an external organization is not hell-bent on finding flaws and imposing her individual style of working in the organization. Moreover, the findings of the internal audit committee can be very well concealed within the organization so that remedial measures can be initiated and that there is no harm in the reputation of the organization. A hasty decision of conducting an external inquiry can only aggravate matters and can have disastrous implication on the business prospects of the organization. It would also reflect an autocratic leadership style of the CEO that would eventually not help in improving the situation and would make matters worse in the long run.... Since all the financial documents are to be signed by the directors any frauds reported within the company makes them personally liable to criminal prosecution (Ashcroft & Ashcroft, p.412). Moreover, with the CEO being appointed by the board of directors makes the CEO answerable to them. It also questions the ethical dimensions of the CEO as it is the duty of the same to report matters to the board. The powers vested to the CEO are largely for the purpose of acting on the behalf of the board and to make the CEO answerable for the day to day affairs of the organization. Hence the CEO was very correct in initiating a probe into the matter. Examples from real life also suggest unfair and corrupt practices should not be encouraged in any organization. These malpractices may give short term gains but it is clear from the history of companies like Enron that unethical practice if not checked can lead to a complete downfall of the organization (BBC News, â€Å"Enron Scandal at a Glanceâ₠¬ ). Issues like negative sentiments coming in the wake of an enquiry into the scandals should not pose as a hindrance or an obstacle to the enquiry process as it ignorance in the long term can have very serious implications. This can also be inferred from the manner in which Boeing had to pay huge amounts as a fine towards fraudulent transactions and activities of the company. However rather than suddenly taking a decision to hire an external agency for the investigation, first the CEO can carry out an internal monitoring and supervision of the books of accounts of the company. The CEO should lead this team that would be handpicked by her in order to ensure that the

A Logistics Managers Position with the Firm Essay

A Logistics Managers Position with the Firm - Essay Example Throughout the internships summer experiences, I learned that international shipping is more than just filling out paperwork. There’s a lot to learn when it comes to the actual physical work that is involved, the ships that carry the goods, and the high risk of shipping over the ocean rather than by air. Just wearing a tie or nice trousers looks good, but it’s also good to be able to say I loaded the container. I know about commercial ships and ocean travel. In other words, I’ve gotten my hand's dirty learning from the bottom.  Just wearing a tie or nice trousers looks good, but it’s also good to be able to say I loaded the container. I know about commercial ships and ocean travel. In other words, I’ve gotten my hand's dirty learning from the bottom up. My references will confirm that I’m disciplined, energetic, and a quick-learner and feel pretty good about myself gave the economy and hold plentiful knowledge about the position I m applying for. If you have an opening and by going through my professional details you think that I can justify the responsibilities of the concerned job, I would welcome an interview at your convenience.

Sociology Theory of Symbolic Interactionism Essay

Sociology Theory of Symbolic Interactionism - Essay Example For one, symbolic interactionists highly consider the importance of subjective meaning within any kind of human interaction or intercommunication. Evidently, the principles marked in symbolic interactionism generate implications particularly to the study of sociology. This paper briefly traces the history of the concept of symbolic interactionism. Further, it discusses the definition of symbolic interactionism given by Herbert Blumer. And finally, the paper examines the impacts of symbolic interactionism to three prominent strands or levels, namely, intrapersonal state, interpersonal process, and social institution. Of history The emergence of the term â€Å"symbolic interactionism† basically originates from Herbert Blumer of the University of Chicago; it was in the 1930s when Blumer coined such term and, from there, established the key concepts or principles attributed to present-day symbolic interactionism (Appelrouth & Edles, 2008). It is strange, though, that Blumer (1968) describes his coinage as â€Å"somewhat barbaric neologism† (p. 1). Of course, every new word -- neologism is derived from the Greek language which means â€Å"new word† -- is strange or foreign especially to people who are not accustomed or familiar to it. Nevertheless, the barbaric description is far from being scholarly. Perhaps Blumer chooses the signifier â€Å"barbaric† in describing his new sociological theory for the reason that such theory or concept emphasizes the subjectivity of persons with regard to certain symbols or meanings. In the process, the â€Å"barbaric† aspect of symbolic interactionism is rightly construed by the fact that such theory critically opposes the dominant thoughts (i.e., objectivity) marked in the early 20th century. On the other hand of the scale, Blumer (1968) highly considers George Herbert Mead to be the central figure who â€Å"laid the foundations of the symbolic interactionist approach† (p. 1). Like Blumer , Mead is associated to the University of Chicago. Mead is famous for his idea of symbols or meanings as shared by many people or minds. Especially in the realm of language, he argues that symbols and their meanings are constructed and reconstructed -- in essence, shared -- by interacting persons. Similar to other symbolic interactionists, Mead views the individual human self as a social construction in which it is â€Å"crafted through the linguistic exchanges† (as cited in Harter, 1999, p. 677). However, Blumer (1968) still holds that he is the one who developed or expounded the full version of such sociological theory in spite of Mead’s being the â€Å"founder† of symbolic interactionism (p. 1). Generally speaking, symbolic interactionism is historically traceable to the â€Å"Chicago School† of sociology (Burnier, 2005). Of theory Blumer (1968) categorically defines the concept of symbolic interactionism as a â€Å"distinctive approach to the study o f human group life and human conduct† (p. 1). In order to fully appreciate this definition, there are five key elements that need to be emphasized and discussed: (1) approach, (2) human, (3) group, (4) life, and (5) conduct. First, Blumer views the theory of symbolic interactionism as an approach in studying a particular phenomenon salient in human society. As an approach, there are several premises, ideas, or frameworks that constitute such an approach or methodology; and these premises or frameworks are the fundamental principles that make-up

Reading and Writing about Arguments session long progect Essay

Reading and Writing about Arguments session long progect - Essay Example Therefore, coming down 6 hours later, there was no reflection on the road to warn any approaching driver and needless to say, I ended up colliding head on with the boulders surrounding the still wet culvert. As you stated earlier on, the reason for your refusal to indemnify me is that the council should be responsible for compensation of my wrecked car. However, my argument is simple, my car is insured with you, I have paid all my premiums on time and up to date, there was no negligence on my part; hence, I want to be compensated in the shortest time possible and you may want to in turn get compensated by the municipal. However, as per our agreement, I have no contractual agreement with the municipal to compensate me in case of any loss. Therefore, as far as I am concerned, you will need to honor my claim and then later you may want to settle your own case with the municipal authorities to get compensated because the case was clear cut; there was no negligence on my part (Hawken, Angela; Carroll, Stephen J; Abrahamse, Allan F; Institute for Civil Justice (U.S.), 2001). This is not a threat but a warning to you that in case this pull-and-tag war with the municipal authorities is costing me dearly and interrupting my life and I may have to sue you if this continues. Over this waiting period, I have had to use a taxi every night going home and in the morning going to work and it is very expensive. The costs have been piling up as time drags and therefore, I would much appreciate if you could honor our contractual agreement as soon as possible because this loss is deeply negatively affecting my life. That is the reason I am warning that if you do not issue me with a written promise to indemnify me in the shortest time possible, I will initiate a law suit. However, over the past five years that I have been paying my premiums, I have personally come to know your company

CURRENT ISSUES IN MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

CURRENT ISSUES IN MANAGEMENT - Essay Example that organizational crisis can be averted or at least minimized through managerial strategies that are visionary in their perspectives (Simola, 2003; Cheney & Christenson, 2000; Pearson, & Clair, 1998; Seeger, Sellnow, & Ulmer, 1997). It is important that strategic planning involves more proactive and innovative measures to meet the exigencies of competitive business. Scholars have asserted that irrational decisions in business are often motivated by false judgment, escalated commitment to previous course of actions where managerial leadership may be driven by financial investment, time and belief that something better would emerge (Bazerman and Moore 2008; Staw & Fox, 1977). The various social researches have revealed that organizations are willing to take risks and make decisions to avoid losses rather than with the desire to make profit. (Hallahan, 1999; Beach, 1997; Bailey & Alexander, 1993; Pease, Bieser & Tubbs, 1993; Frisch, 1993; McDaniel & Sistrunk, 1991; Devine, 1990; Fagley & Miller, 1987; Bazerman, 1984). Shapiro, Slywotzky and Tedlow (2000) believe that key factor that sustain the performance of the organizations through thick and thin are their strong leadership. Nutt (1990) believes that flexibility of approach and initiative in decision making is vital part of leadership as ‘strategic choices are influenced by the manager’s decision style’. Hence, the leaders who are able to make tough decisions and implement changes are able to revitalize the business. In competitive business environment, exemplary leadership effectively links the data, information and knowledge within the organizational goals to overcome hard times and gain competitive advantage. The organization must incorporate more aggressive but people friendly management strategies that encourage trust building amongst the work force for improved organizational results. The paper would analyze the various elements of change management and the role of strategic thinking and planning

Consider William Blakes presentation of love in the poem The Clod and the Pebble Essay Example for Free

Consider William Blakes presentation of love in the poem The Clod and the Pebble Essay (b) Paying close attention to language and form, write a critical appreciation of the following poem, considering William Blake’s presentation of love in the poem ‘The Clod and the Pebble’. The Clod and the Pebble Love seeketh not itself to please, Nor for itself hath any care, But for another gives its ease, And builds a Heaven in Hells despair. So sung a little Clod of Clay 5 Trodden with the cattles feet, But a Pebble of the brook Warbled out these metres meet: Love seeketh only self to please, To bind another to its delight, 10 Joys in anothers loss of ease, And builds a Hell in Heavens despite. The ostensible cuteness of the poem The Clod and the Pebble perhaps masks a more morbid and deeply cynical assessment of love by the poet William Blake. Initially, the contrast between the clod and the pebble’s speeches on love might encourage a positive response to the clod’s optimism about how love can rescue us from even the most hellish position. The pebble’s pessimism about love, on the other hand, is unpleasant and unsettling, but it’s also a more accurate reflection of the brutal nature of the world as it is depicted in the poem. Blake’s presentation of love, then, is ambivalent. While the ideal that love is able to overcome any circumstance is appealing, it might not be a realistic assessment in the context of the world’s cruelty. Blake’s personification of the clod and the pebble captures two very different human experiences. We are told that the clod is â€Å"trodden with the cattle’s feet.† With the word â€Å"trodden† Blake captures the experience of continual hardship, and being repeatedly downtrodden, subjugated and abused. There is also tactile imagery of weight and pressure from the â€Å"cattle’s feet,† restricting the clod and forcing it into a new shape. In this way, the clod is described as though it experiences human suffering. It makes us think about someone who has had to become flexible to fit the continual hardship of their circumstances reflected in the physical properties of a soft clod of clay. It is then pleasantly surprising that the clod sings about love in the most optimistic way. On the one hand, the clod’s optimism concerning love is deeply admirable, and the parallel structure used to present this speech alongside the pebble’s emphasises that optimism in the most appealing way. The clod states that love â€Å"builds a Heaven in Hell’s despair,† while the pebble states that it â€Å"builds a Hell in Heaven’s despite.† The clod speaks from the context of a hellish existence that entails pain and suffering, and endows love with the capacity to transcend such an experience and create a heavenly existence of joy and happiness. The pebble, on the other hand, speaks from a comparatively heavenly existence and instead endows love with the capacity to corrupt that existence with the pain and suffering suggested by the word â€Å"Hell.† Our feeling that the clod is admirably optimistic ten evolves into a feeling that we too want and even believe that love will rescue and provide solace to this figure. Conversely, the parallel structure also helps to emphasise the pebble’s pessimism. The clod declares that â€Å"love seeketh not itself,† while the pebble answers that â€Å"love seeketh only self.† The phrases â€Å"not itself† and â€Å"only self† create a clear juxtaposition here of the two views of love. The first underscores it as essentially selfless, while the other underscores it as absolutely and solely selfish. Moreover, while the clod sings happily about how love â€Å"for another gives its ease† the pebble responds with how love â€Å"joys in another’s loss of ease.† The clods words suggest an action of willing self-sacrifice, while the pebbles words suggest a selfish acquisition that leaves another diminished. Of course, the pebble’s view means that there is no hope for the clod and that love in fact provides no Heaven. Furthemore, the pebble’s assessment of love is deeply cynical and ugly. It is, however, true to both its own experience and that of the clod. The clod is â€Å"trodden† upon while the pebble is â€Å"of the brook.† We imagine a gentle and tranquil existence within the soft current of a stream. Traditionally, however, rivers also symbolise a journey from innocence to worldliness. The water represents the experience that flows over us during life, leaving us more aware. This experience has left the pebble implacable. We imagine someone who has become hardened from experience and this is reflected in the physical properties of the pebble. Now the water is forced to bend around the pebble, just as the clod must bend around the feet of the cattle. This is a depiction of the world’s harshness and cruelty, and we cannot help but appreciate that it is the pebble’s assessment of love that more accurately reflects it. To conclude, perhaps the poem is as much about idealism and realism as it is about love. Love, after all, is subject to our tendency to be both idealistic and realistic. Ultimately though, it seems that the depiction of the world as harsh and brutal confirms a negative view of love as equally harsh and brutal. At the very least, the poem encourages us to be ambivalent of love and not suppose it to be a kind of saviour capable of transcending all.

Introduction To The Media Industry Media Essay

Introduction To The Media Industry Media Essay As the media industry joins the ranks of others that are facing tremendous declines and losing advertising revenue, African Americans in the media have also faced extreme challenges. We as people often search for answers to create change in todays society, but stereotypes linger within our world placing a barrier on chances of unity and equality. One of the main sources of these stereotypes is the mass media. Stereotypes are commonly referred to as codes that give audiences quick, common understandings, (sometimes invalid) of a person or group of people mostly relating to their class, ethnicity or race, gender, sexual orientation, social role, or occupation. African Americans are constantly viewed in ways that are false and over-exaggerated. From loud explicit curse words, to wobbly behinds and gold teeth, the mass media blinds America with false and negative images. From the beginning of television history, African Americans were shown as very dark, monkey-like characters without a tad of know-how except in the areas of housekeeping or singing and dancing. Stereotyping or labeling is a technique that attempts to arouse prejudices in an audience by labeling the object of the images as something the target audience fears, hates, loathes, or finds undesirable (Lester 134). These ideas become so clichà © that they begin to form daily thoughts and views and one is unable to look beyond them. The mass media, including movies, music, music videos, newspapers, magazines, television broadcasts, and forms of advertising, often portrays African Americans as hood, ghetto, threatening, and sexually explicit. This has transformed into lifestyles and insulting stereotypes in todays society. The inadequate coverage of African Americans due, in large part to the lack of depth in minority media ownership, has provided an opportunity in the nations current economic conditions. The media industry is taking major hits as revenues are dropping, readership and viewership totals are down, and the journalism and media industries are bumping along the same rocky roads as the automotive industry where thousands of jobs were lost in a matter of days. Framework of Study This study will include a mass research of the past century of African American appearances in the media. African- Americans image has evolved over time. Research will be focused on why and how this evolution process has taken place. This subject has been overlooked by society, and many do not understand that the process of an African-American being placed in the media was a very difficult one. Examples will be given on how African Americans were depicted in the media. Also, there will be an analysis of how audiences of the media react to blacks being the focal point, and why publishers and broadcasters show these images in the manner that they do. Graphs of the ratings of the different media releases will be compared by race of focal point to determine the impact that African-Americans had on society through the media. Also, common television sitcoms will be analyzed in order to explain how African-American images have changed over time. All sitcoms were reviewed through network television. The sitcoms range from the 1960s to the current television era. Also, the sitcoms will be analyzed to explain how the content has changed societys view on the lives and culture of African Americans. Statement of Problem Society has placed a negative image on African-Americans due to the techniques of the media used to portray them. These techniques are marketing schemes used to produce more total revenue. These negative ideas or beliefs place a role in the lives of many African-Americans. Stereotypes are formed and problems arise daily for black individuals. From ethnic name profiling to police brutality, African-Americans endure corrupt thoughts based on negative images displayed by the media. The only way to erase or reduce these negative images is if the media reverses the images it has created. Many marketing specialist believe that these images are entertaining and overlook the morals and values of its content. African-Americans are unfairly and unrealistically portrayed on television and other forms of media. Unfortunately, there are many who do fall victim to the stereotypes, and there are many more that experience prejudice and pain because of them. After watching some movies that are currently popular, it seems that the majority of current films that are aimed at an African American audience fill and support these negative stereotypes of African Americans. Luckily, there are some media broadcasts that allow variety of African Americans to be shown to society. The change in content of programming is currently allowing room for change of the long lived stereotypes. Rational Profiling, stereotyping, and negative imaging must be stopped. Even after decades have relinquished away since the time of slavery, racism and prejudices still linger in our society. The media is not making these images look any better. Social prejudices or programmed depictions of groups in a society have long pervaded and shaped social ethos, but it is through this awareness, that cultural humanity is able to dismantle and set aside such associations (Walker 545). The images in the media of African Americans have changed the lifestyles of todays black society. Due to lack of knowledge and being blinded the media, the African-American race has yielded to live up to the images shown to society. These stereotypes of African Americans being used by the media today and years ago are injuring the realistic image of black people and the way that both African-American and Caucasians view those of African heritage. Gender, Class, and Race Stereotypes in American Media Gender, class, and race stereotypes abound in contemporary society, much like they have done throughout human history. With the advent of the media, however, stereotypical assumptions have become so pervasive, and so diffused, that some call for a serious and purposeful scrutiny of the media contents. A full analysis will be conducted to enlighten others that the African-American culture differs tremendously from the way that the media displays it.

The Apollo Program By Nasa History Essay

The Apollo Program By Nasa History Essay The Apollo program is a space program by NASA which aims to send men to moon. It began in 1961. The goal was accomplished during the Apollo 11 mission, when Neil Armstrong was the first human to step on the moon. The program has many dimensions other than space field and explorations, it has political dimensions too. Apollo program affected the world in many ways and started a space exploration revolution. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sense the beginning of the 17th century, when Galileo took the first close look to the moon using his first telescope, people started dreaming of flying to the outer space and to reach the moon. That dream became real after 3 centuries, when NASA launched Apollo Program. The Apollo program was a project by NASA in the United States. The goal of this project was to land humans on the Moon and bring them back to Earth safely. The idea of getting a human to the Moon started during the Eisenhower administration but it really began in 1961 after President John F. Kennedy declared a national goal of landing a man on the Moon before the end of this decade.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the biggest reasons behind starting this program is the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union in space exploration field. In 1961 and during the cold war, the Soviet Union was the first country to send a man to the outer space in an orbital flight, that man was the Soviet astronaut Yuri Gagarin. After the great achieve of the Soviets, many Americans saw that the United States must win the competition against the Soviet Union.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the 20th of July 1969, the goal was finally accomplished when Neil Armstrong and Buzz Albrin landed on the Moon and returned to Earth safely and that was during the Apollo 11 mission. Between 1969 and 1972, there were a total of six successful landings on the Moon. In these flights, 12 astronauts walked on the Moon and collected around 382 Kgs of  rocks, sand and many other samples to study the geological features of the Moon. The program ended in 1974 with Apollo 17. The Space Race   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Early in 1960 and during the Eisenhower administration, the Apollo program was conceived as a follow-up to the Mercury program which was the program that sent the first American astronaut to the space. The Apollo spacecraft was able to carry three astronauts whereas the Mercury capsule could support only one. NASA manager Abe Silverstein named the program after the Greek god of light and music; he said later   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In November 1960, John F. Kennedy was elected president after he promised in his campaign to put America in superiority over the Soviet Union in space exploration and missile defense field. Despite Kennedys promises, he didnt approve immediately on Apollo program once he became president. Though he knew about some of the technical details, at the same time he was put off by the huge financial commitments. On the 12th of April, 1961, Soviet Union successfully sent Yuri Gagarin to the outer space to become the first human to fly in space. That movement reinforced American fears about losing the space race against the Soviet Union and being left behind in a technological competition. At the same time President Kennedy refused to make any commitments on Americas response to the Soviets. After 8 days on April 20, Vice President Lyndon Johnson received a memorandum from President Kennedy discussing the Americas space program status with him and asking him to find a solution to catch up with the Soviet program. Johnsons respond came out one week later, he concluded He mentioned also that landing humans on the Moon will be achieved by the United States . On the following month, on May 25, 1961, President Kennedy announced his approval and his full support for the Apollo program. He said that through a speech during a special session of Congress. At that time, many of NASA employees doubted whether Kennedys goal could be met. Many people doubted too, because only one American had flown in space. The goal of landing astronauts on Moon before the end of 1969 required an advanced technology, and a huge amount of money to run the program, it was around $24 billion which is the largest commitment of resources ever made by any nation at that time, and to get the work done in less than 10 years, NASA employed 400,000 people to work on Apollo program plus the support of more than 20,000 industrial companies and universities. Apollos mission mode Once Kennedy had announced the national goal, the planners of Apollo mission faced the challenge of designing a flying system with the minimum risks to human life. At the same time they dont want to exceed the limits and spend extra money on designing flights. They came up with four possible mission modes to choose from: Direct Ascent: Its to send the spacecraft directly to the Moon, make it land and return as one unit. To be able to make this kind of missions work efficiently, they have to design a strong launching system and a more powerful booster. Earth Orbit Rendezvous (EOR): In this mode many rockets would be launched, each one of the rockets will be carrying a different part of a Direct Ascent spacecraft and propulsion units to keep the spacecraft moving until it escapes earth orbit. Then the spacecraft will land on the Moon as a unit. Lunar Surface Rendezvous: They would launch two different spacecraft, one is a vehicle with propellants on it, and the other is the manned vehicle. First, the vehicle carrying propellants would land and then the manned vehicle will land later. They would transfer propellant from the first vehicle to the manned vehicle to make it able to go back to Earth. Lunar Orbit Rendezvous (LOR): In this mission mode they would send a main spacecraft and a smaller lunar module to travel together into a lunar orbit. Then the lunar module will independently land on the Moon. When the mission is completed, it returns to the lunar orbit and come again with the main spacecraft. Then the main spacecraft returns to Earth. After studying each mission and testing some of them they came up with some expected results to choose the best mission mode for Apollo program, they decided to go with the Lunar Orbit Rendezvous mode. In the LOR method, astronauts can use the spacecraft as a life boat in case of a failure in the command ship, which is an advantage. On Apollo 13, astronauts faced a problem of oxygen tank failure that caused a cut in the electrical power in the command ship. The Lunar Module provided all the needs to get the crew back to earth safely. Apollo Missions There are two types of Apollo missions: Unmanned missions NASA began preparing for the Apollo program long before they decided to start the manned Apollo missions. In October 1961, they started testing flights of the Saturn I booster and it lasted for around three years until September 1964. In 1963, two tests of the launch escape system at the White Sands Missile Range. After all the tests, NASA sent three unmanned missions, they were Apollo 4, Apollo 5 and Apollo. Manned missions After testing the launching vehicles and making sure that nothing wrong is going to happen to the crew, NASA started the manned missions which carried three astronauts each or sometimes more. The first manned mission on the Apollo program was Apollo 7, launched on October 11, 1968 in an Earth orbital flight; it was to test the Command Module. Many manned missions continued the following years with some successful Moon landings. The last Apollo mission was Apollo 17, launched December 7, 1972. Canceled Missions Apollo 18, Apollo 19 and 20 were originally supposed to be a part of the Apollo program, but those missions had been canceled. In 1968, during the beginning with the election of Richard Nixon, the space program started to lose focus. After Nixon was elected president, he didnt want to continue what Kennedy started and he was not so interested in the space program, in hes opinion, its enough and its the time to stop the space missions because the original goal has accomplished. In 1969 Apollo 20 was canned, and 18 and 19 were dispensed with in 1971.

Orbits with Gravity Lab Software :: physics science space

For centuries, humankind has sought to find order in the universe. In the context of Western thought, in any case, beginning with the Egyptians, Persians, ancient Greeks; in the Americas the Mayans and Azteks, Astronomy evolved out of the necessity to discover a reliable predictor of the seasons for the purposes of agriculture. In most cases, Astronomy takes on a spiritual role in culture as well. The system of accounting that ancient peoples used to measure the seasons evolved, after a great amount of suffering and turmoil, into the physics of Gallileo and the mechanics of Newton. And Newton's remarkable system is still used today, so long as the velocities are not close to the speed of light and the mass vs. density ratio of massive objects is not too great. Linked above is a gravitational simulator upon which several models of celestial motion are explored. Written in the simple computer language of Q-Basic 4.5, the software is compilable on native systems. At the core is code that generates six n-dimensional arrays. The six arrays correspond to variable requirements in 2-d space, they are velocity vector (in polar coordinates), velocity magnitude, mass, radius, x-position, y-position. "n" corresponds to the number of total objects in the system. Once data is gathered, either entered by hand, loaded from a file, or generated randomly, the simulation can begin. There are three major divisions of the simulation, corresponding to object selection, object position change, and object velocity change, where the actual physics takes place. The simulation begins with object 1, with initial velocity vo, and calculates the next change in velocity of object 1 from the acceleration generated by all other objects. From the gravitational acceleration of object 2, for example, a new velocity vector for object 1 can be determined, and refined un til object n's effect on object 1 is considered. The sim goes down the line to object n, correcting the current velocity magnitude and vector until all acceleration effects are accounted for for all objects, then the sim erases the current position of all objects, displaces the objects dependant on their current (freshly calculated) velocities, redraws them, and returns to calculating new accelerations. The result is a fairly accurate model of gravitational motion, in which the orbital properties discussed in mechanics can be seen. Inaccuracies result with high velocities or close interactions (no collision detection is made).

Cultural Analysis of The Coldest Winter Ever Essay -- essays research

The Coldest Winter Ever   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Born Lisa Williamson in 1964, Sister Souljah is a hip-hop artist that burst to the forefront of mainstream media in 1992 when she was criticized by then Presidential candidate Bill Clinton for saying â€Å"If Black people kill black people every day, why not have a week and kill white people?† Clinton was trying to prove to other Democrats that he did not sympathize with the organization that Souljah was a member of. She basically said Bill Clinton and went on to sign music and publishing contracts. She has become one of the more passionate and articulate voices to emerge speaking for young African Americans in the United States. She has written and published to works: No Disrespect, and autobiographical account of Souljah’s life, and The Coldest Winter Ever.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Coldest Winter Ever tells of the story of a young woman named Winter. She was born into a family drug operation. Her father was a drug kingpin. Winter never knew about struggles in life. She always had the best of the best; everyone wanted to be like her. This was all taken away when her father’s operation is busted and he goes to jail for the rest of his life. Winter, who has never known poverty, is faced with trying to survive while attempting to continue living in the extravagance to which she has become accustomed. The story follows Winter from the time she is fifteen until she is about twenty-five, in prison serving time for a crime for possessing drugs that belonged to her boyfriend. The story ends with Winter still in jail, not the usual happy ending that accompanies fictional novels. This real life ending is the most important aspect of this novel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Karl Marx argues in The German Ideology that material allows for more culture. Material is the road to true humanity. These materials are not only those things that we possess, such as cars, clothes, and houses, but also material that we gain through life experience itself. Winter defines her life by material. For her, money is God. She begins referencing her material items at once, from the diamond ring set in 24-karat gold she received the day she was born, to the diamond tennis bracelet she received on her sixteenth birthday, to the designer clothes she wore that no one else had or could afford. Even after she has no money because of he... .... International Publishers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2004. Rosteck, Thomas. â€Å"Subject Positions as a Site of Rhetorical Struggle: Representing African   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Americans.† At the Intersection: Cultural Studies and Rhetorical Studies. The Guilford   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Press. New York. 1999. Sheldon, Randall G. â€Å"The History of Criminal Justice from a Critical Perspective.† Controlling   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the Dangerous Classes: A Critical Introduction to the History of Criminal Justice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2001.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sister Souljah. The Coldest Winter Ever. Pocket Books, a Division of Simon and Schuster Inc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Americas, NY. 1999. Sister Souljah. No Disrespect. Vintage Books, a Division of Random House. New York. 1994. Storey, John. â€Å"Fiction.† Cultural Studies and the Study of Popluar Culture second edition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Athens, Georgia. University of Georgia Press. 2003. Woodson, Carter G. The Mis-Education of the Negro. Trenton, NJ. Africa World Press, Inc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  March 1998.

Southwest Internal Analysis

Southwest Airlines Internal Analysis Introduction This internal business analysis is on Southwest Airlines, which was founded in 1967 by Rollin King and Herb Kelleher. The main focus for Southwest Airlines was to provide low cost flights for their customers, and also have exceptional customer satisfaction. Southwest is a leading airline company that continues to do well in an industry that has been historically challenging. For instance, in the span of two years (2005-2007) five major airlines have filed for bankruptcy.The challenges are great in the airline industry, because competitors are trying to imitate the â€Å"low-cost† offering of Southwest. Many companies have tried to do what Southwest has done, and many have failed to stay in business. Surprisingly, many of those companies were started by ex-employees of Southwest. Southwest currently has a profitability record for the past thirty six years, which is spectacular in such a challenging industry. Herb Kelleher has be en replaced by Gary C. Kelly, as the president when he resigned in May of 2008.Southwest is in the process of expanding the locations they serve so that they can increase market share, and also find ways to cut costs without losing their quality. In order for southwest to continue their consecutive financial success there is a necessity for excellence in the execution process of their strategy. Business Level Strategy The business level strategy (BLS) that Southwest focuses on is Cost Leadership. They are the leading airline in the United States for providing low-cost fares to their broad customer base.Southwest has found innovative ways to reduce cost within their cost structure enabling them to offer lower fares than competitors and still maintain a profit. One way that has helped Southwest save time and money is their standardization of their airline fleet. This tactic is known as the â€Å"one-model-fleet† by the airline. Having a single airplane model in a fleet has allo wed Southwest to â€Å"lower inventory, record keeping and maintenance costs, and it minimizes the number of technical manuals, tools and spare parts. † Another methodology that has layed an important role in their thirty six years of profitability is their fuel hedging practices they’ve practiced since the late nineties. This tactic has saved the company millions of dollars, and in 2007 alone has saved the company 727 million dollars. Another cost saving measure that Southwest has implemented is the use of blended winglets on all of their 737-700’s models. This change is supposed to improve performance by extending the airplanes range, saving fuel, and lowering engine maintenance costs and reducing takeoff noise. More recently, Southwest began to use EcoPower engine wash services.This is going to allow Southwest to save an estimated $20 million dollars in fuel costs. All of these tactics by Southwest are designed to save on expenses that they incur doing busine ss. Many airlines cut cost by laying off employees, but Southwest has established a â€Å"no layoff policy† that is currently still in effect. This shows how committed the company is to their employees, and how they are an integral part of their business. Resources Southwest has plenty of resources that have contributed to their success as an airline company. Their intangible resources have created their competitive advantage in relation to their competitors.The reason for that is the simple fact that their tangible resources are not difficult to replicate. It’s the technique that Southwest uses to connect their resources that has enabled them to be successful in the airline industry. Their tangible and intangible resources are as follows: Tangible: The main tangible resources that Southwest has are its training center, employees, headquarter facility, acquisitions, partnerships, take off and landing spots, frequent flyer reward program, self-service check-in kiosks, a nd their fleet aircrafts.In 1986, Southwest opened a multi-million dollar training center for their flight crews. As all businesses, employees are necessary if you’re conducting business on a large scale. The connection between Southwest and its customers are their employees, which makes the employees role that much more important. Although, the employees are tangible, the culture of the employees is intangible aspect that has been difficult for competitors to imitate. The training center for their employees was an investment Southwest made early on knowing its importance to the long term success for the company.The headquarters for Southwest is another tangible resource, which is located in Dallas. The headquarter similar to many other companies allow top management to effectively communicate the organizational goals of the company. Acquisitions and partnerships that Southwest has completed throughout their duration allow the company to expand their services to more than 64 cities in the United States, and obtain more take-off and landing spots. The frequent flyer program is another tangible resource that Southwest possesses, but interestingly has not had a major impact on Southwest’s bottom line.With the help of IBM, Southwest was able to offer about 250 self-service check-in kiosks. The reason for having the kiosks for their customers was to reduce the amount of time the customers spend in line and to improve the airport experience. In the very beginning, Southwest only had 3 Boeings in their lineup but now they have more than 243 aircrafts in their lineup. Intangible: The main intangible resources that Southwest has are its brand, unique culture, and reputation. Southwest has a brand that is known widely when referencing the airplane industry.The brand that they represent is one that is reliable, convenient, employee centered, customer oriented, and at the same time providing a low cost alternative to their customers. This has helped dramatic ally in their formation of their culture, because even in the beginning their main focus has been on its employees. Southwest has a culture that is unmatched in the industry, and one of the main reasons they have been wildly successful in a challenging environment. Early on Southwest made the decision to sell one of their airplanes rather than laying off their employees to show their loyalty to its employees.All of these factors have enabled the company to maintain a reputation that is respected among the industry. The reputation that they have has enabled them to reap the benefits of being recognized as a leader in the industry. For example, Southwest has earned several Triple Crown awards, which is an award for having the best on-time record, best baggage handling, and fewest customer complaints. Outcomes from Combinations of the Criteria for Sustainable Competitive Advantage: Is the Resource of Capability Valuable? | Is the Resource or Capability Rare? | Is the Resource or Capabi lity Costly to imitate? Is the Resource or Capability Nonsubstitutable? | Competitive Consequences| Performance Implications| No| No| No| No| Competitive disadvantage| Below-average returns| Yes| No| No| Yes/No| Competitive parity| Average returns| Yes| Yes| No| Yes/No| Temporary competitive advantage| Average returns to above-average returns| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes/No| Sustainable competitive advantage| Above-average returns| Result from the chart: Capabilities The capabilities of Southwest Airlines are the origin of the firm’s ability to create a competitive advantage over other airlines in industry.Southwest focuses on three main functional areas within the organization, which are management, human resources, and marketing. Management The management capabilities of Southwest Airlines are the main reason why the company has been so profitable, utilizing an effective low cost organizational structure throughout the entirety of the company. Using only one type of plane fleet, the Boeing 737 series, which allows minimizing inventory and resources needed for training, maintenance, parts, and is also a very reliable plane.This helps in the quick turnaround times at the gates, which keeps more planes in the air at any given point in time. In the 1990’s Southwest employed an aggressive fuel hedging tactic saving the company millions of dollars in hard times, while still being able to provide low ticket prices to consumers. Another important area management focuses on is the management of human resources that emphasis both employees and customer alike. Human Resources Focusing on customer service, Southwest Airlines opened a multi-million dollar training facility for its flight crews in 1986.The heart of this training facility is to promote human capitol and share knowledge throughout company. By focusing first on their own employees, southwest can ensure that the employees will then focus on the customer. Through motivation and empowerment in the training of its employees, Southwest can provide customers a comfortable experience while retaining employees and making it hard for competitors imitate. This is proven with its Triple Crown Award for best on-time record, best baggage handling, and least customer complaints. MarketingOne way to promote value and differentiate itself from competitors is Southwest’s humorous advertisements. Exercising the LUV ticker symbol, Southwest promotes its customer driven services and prices. While in the late 1980’s Southwest started a rewards program that has retained loyal customers, but has not been proven successful for leisure travelers. With the low cost abilities, timeliness flights, rewards, and focus on the customer, Southwest Airlines has carried out an exceptional marketing strategy. Core Competencies Employee LoyaltyWithin the first two years of operation Southwest suffered huge losses and had to make some major financial decisions. These decisions lead to the selling off an aircraft and keep all of the employees created the â€Å"no lay off policy†. Then in 1973 Southwest was one of the first companies to incorporate profit sharing where employees owned at least 8% of the company stock. This leads to higher employee satisfaction, retention rate, and increases the want for the company to do well, this way the employees focus more on creating value for the customer.Management Skills Southwest Airlines management has tailored numerous sets of activities around a low cost structure creating value for the customer. With short domestic, point-to-point flights, no additional in flight features and no seat reservations allows for a short turnaround time, which makes for less crowded airports and maximizes flight time. Along with fuel hedging and low maintenance costs, the design of these best-fit activities show that the excellent management skills are a core competency that creates a competitive advantage over other airlines.Conclusion Through the inte rtwining of its resources, Southwest Airlines has created a unique set of capabilities and competencies that has continuously allowed successful implementation of its business level strategy. With a focus on low-cost leadership and customer service, Southwest Airlines creates value with reliable on-time departures and a unique company culture. This provides a sustainable competitive advantage that is hard for competitors to imitate and provides a string foundation for Southwest Airlines’ future success.

Bcc Job Profile

Bain Capability Center – Analyst Job Description What is Bain? †¢ We are a leading global strategy consulting firm with 41 offices in 27 countries †¢ Our business is to help make companies more valuable †¢ Our clients include the top management of some of the world’s leading companies and private equity investors What is Bain Capability Center? †¢ BCC is the offshore group of Bain & Company that provides analytical support to Bain case teams across the globe †¢ We assist in assessing key issues, executing analysis, drawing insights and making recommendations on discrete pieces of client work across a range of different industries and capabilitiesWhat you will do as an analyst? †¢ Help define the right questions and analysis to solve clients' critical issues †¢ Find ways to get the data and help answer critical questions †¢ Use Bain’s proprietary toolkit and fact-based approach to validate answers †¢ Communicate recomme ndations to Bain teams including Partners and Managers in global offices What you will learn? †¢ Business judgment based on practical business experience †¢ Logical thinking to break-down complex questions into simpler tasks †¢ Analytical skills for rapidly assessing industries and companiesHow your career will progress within BCC/Bain? †¢ We provide continuous training and coaching throughout your career so that you learn at each level †¢ We offer opportunities to transfer to other offices if the need arises †¢ Analyst programme is for 2 years after which you may progress as Associates and then Project Leaders within BCC †¢ Other alternatives include moving to BCC Shared Services and Bain Consulting. All these career paths are dependant on need/demand and are merit basedWhat type of projects you will work on? †¢ Developing full potential market opportunity in Asia-Pacific for a US-based bar code printer manufacturer †¢ Designing and deve loping automated inventory tracking tool for an international luggage company to track and forecast inventory levels †¢ Analyzing Bain's annual worldwide employee survey and providing critical company performance data to all offices globally How to apply? †¢ Please submit your cover letter and CV t

Globalization and Firms

41. With the help of an example discuss the characteristics of globalization. Globalization refers to a fundamental shift in the world economy in which national economies are no longer relatively self-contained entities. Instead, nations are moving toward an interdependent global economic system. Within this new global economy, an American might drive to work in a car designed in Germany that was assembled in Mexico by DaimlerChrysler from components made in the U. S. and Japan that were fabricated from Korean steel and Malaysian rubber.A company does not have to be the size of these multinational giants to facilitate, and benefit from, the globalization of markets. 42. Define globalization and discuss it has changed the business environment? Globalization has created many opportunities for businesses to expand their revenues by selling around the world while at the same time reducing their costs by producing in nations where labor and other inputs are cheap. However, globalization h as also produced new threats for companies in the form of increased competition. 41.Compare and contrast a pure democracy and a representative democracy. Which type of democracy is more common today? Why? The pure form of democracy is based on a belief that citizens should be directly involved in decision making. In contrast, in a representative democracy, citizens periodically elect individuals to represent them. The elected individuals form a government and make decisions on behalf of the electorate. Because a pure democracy is impractical in advanced societies with tens or hundreds of millions of people, representative democracies are far more common in today's world. 2. Explain the differences between common law and civil law systems by the approach of each to contract law. Contracts drafted under a common law framework tend to be very detailed with all contingencies spelled out. In contrast, contracts in a civil law system tend to be much shorter and less specific because many of the issues typically covered in a common law contract are already covered in civil law. 43. What are state-owned companies? Why do they exist? Why do they usually perform poorly? A state-owned company is a company that is owned by a nation's government.After World War II, many social democratic governments nationalized private companies that were to be run for the public good rather than private profit. Great Britain, for example, nationalized so many companies that by the end of the 1970s, state-owned monopolies existed in telecommunications, electricity, gas, coal, and several other industries. However, because state-run companies such as the ones that existed in Great Britain are protected from competition by their monopoly position and guaranteed financial support, they become inefficient. 1. Compare and contrast folkways and mores. Folkways are the routine conventions of everyday life. Generally, folkways are actions of little moral significance. Folkways include rituals and symbolic behavior. In contrast, mores are norms that are seen as central to the functioning of a society and to its social life. Mores have much greater significance than folkways. Accordingly, violating mores can bring serious retribution. 42. What is the difference between a caste system and a class system?A caste system is a closed system of stratification in which social position is determined by the family into which a person is born, and change in that position is usually not possible during an individual's lifetime. The caste system is the most rigid form of social stratification. A caste frequently involves a specific occupation. In contrast, a class system is a less rigid form of social stratification in which social mobility is possible through an individual's personal achievements and/or luck. 43.Discuss why the stratification of a society is important to business. The stratification of a society is significant if it affects the operation of business organizations. In a country like Great Britain for example, the relative lack of class mobility and the differences between classes has resulted in hostility between middle-class managers and their working-class employees. This hostility and the resulting lack of cooperation can make it more difficult for firms to establish a competitive advantage in the global economy. While the last two decades has seen a eduction in the number of industrial disputes in Britain, there are signs that class consciousness may be reemerging in China. 44. Describe the four dimensions of culture as identified by Geert Hofstede. Geert Hofstede identified four dimensions that he claimed summarized the differences between different cultures. According to Hofstede, the power distance dimension focused on how a society deals with the fact that people are unequal in physical and intellectual capabilities. The second dimension identified by Hofstede, individualism vs. collectivism, focused on the relationship between the individu al and his/her fellows.Hofstede's third dimension, uncertainty avoidance, measured the extent to which different cultures socialize their members into accepting ambiguous situations and tolerating uncertainty. Finally, Hofstede's fourth dimension, masculinity vs. femininity, examined the relationship between gender and work roles. 41. Compare and contrast import quotas and voluntary export restraints. An import quota is a direct restriction on the quantity of some good that may be imported int o a country. The restriction is normally enforced by issuing import licenses to a group of individuals or firms.In contrast, a voluntary export restraint (VER) is a quota imposed by the exporting country, typically at the request of the importing country's government. Foreign producers agree to VERs because they fear more damaging punitive tariffs or import quotas might follow if they do not. Both import quotas and VERs benefit domestic producers, but hurt consumers through higher prices. 42. What are the political reasons for governments to intervene in markets? There are a number of political reasons why governments intervene in markets. The most common reason for intervention is to protect jobs and industries.Governments may also intervene to protect national security, to threaten punitive retaliatory actions, to protect consumers or to protect human rights, and to further foreign policy objectives. 43. Discuss the economic reasons for government intervention in markets. The economic reasons for government interaction have undergone a renaissance in recent times as more economists support economic reasons for intervention. The oldest argument for intervention is the infant industry argument. Strategic trade policy is the other main reason given for economic government intervention in markets. 44.What is strategic trade policy? Provide an example. Strategic trade policy suggests that in industries where the existence of substantial scale economies implies that the worl d will profitably support only a few firms, countries may predominate in the export of certain products simply because they had firms that were able to capture first-mover advantages. Boeing's dominance in the aerospace industry has been attributed to these types of factors. According to strategic trade policy, a government can help raise national incomes if it can ensure that the firms that gain first-mover advantages in such industries are omestic rather foreign. Further, the theory argues that it might pay governments to intervene in an industry if it helps domestic firms overcome the barriers to entry created by foreign firms that have already reaped first-mover advantages. 45. Explain how trade barriers affect a firm's strategy. There are four main ways trade barriers affect a firm's strategy. First, tariffs raise the cost of exporting, putting the firm at a competitive disadvantage. Second, quotas may limit a firm's ability to serve a country from outside of that country.Third , to conform to local content regulations, a firm may have to locate more production activities in a given market than it would otherwise. Finally, the threat of antidumping actions limits the firm's ability to use aggressive pricing to gain market share in a country. 41. What is a greenfield investment? How does it compare to an acquisition? Which form of FDI is a firm more likely to choose? Explain your answer. FDI can take the form of a greenfield investment in a new facility or an acquisition of or a merger with an existing local firm.Research shows that most FDI takes the form of mergers and acquisitions rather than greenfield investments. Mergers and acquisitions are more popular for three reasons. First, mergers and acquisitions are quicker to execute than greenfield investments. Second, foreign firms are acquired because those firms have valuable strategic assets. Third, firms make acquisitions because they believe they can increase the efficiency of the acquired firm by tra nsferring capital, technology, or management skills. 42. Compare and contrast the advantages of foreign direct investment over exporting and licensing.A firm will favor foreign direct investment over exporting as an entry strategy when transportation costs or trade barriers make exporting unattractive. Furthermore, the firm will favor foreign direct investment over licensing (or franchising) when it wishes to maintain control over its technological know-how, or over its operations and business strategy, or when the firm's capabilities are simply not amenable to licensing, as may often be the case. 43. Discuss the various political ideologies and their impact on foreign direct investment.The radical view writers argue that the multinational enterprise (MNE) is an instrument of imperialist domination. The free market view argues that international production should be distributed among countries according to the theory of comparative advantage. The pragmatic nationalist view is that F DI has both benefits and costs. The radical view has a dogmatic radical stance that is hostile to all inward FDI. The free market view is at the other extreme and based on noninterventionist principle of free market economics. Between these two extremes is an approach called pragmatic nationalism. 4. Describe the situations when licensing is not a good option for a firm. Licensing is not a good option in three situations. First, licensing is hazardous in high-tech industries where protecting firm-specific expertise is very important. Second, licensing is not attractive in global oligopolies where tight control is necessary so that firms have the ability to launch coordinated attacks against global competitors. Finally, in industries where intense cost pressures require that MNEs maintain tight control over foreign operations, licensing is not the best option. 46.Discuss Michael Porter's interpretation of value creation and competitive advantage. According to Michael Porter, low cost and differentiation are two basic strategies for creating value and attaining a competitive advantage in an industry. Porter argues that those firms that create superior value will achieve superior profitability. Porter notes that it is not necessary for a firm to have the lowest cost structure or create the most valuable product; rather it is only important that the gap between value and the cost of production be greater than that of competitors. 7. Discuss strategic positioning. How does strategic positioning relate to the efficiency frontier? The efficiency frontier shows all of the different positions that a firm can adopt with regard to adding value to the product and low cost assuming that its internal operations are configured efficiently to support a particular position. It is important that managers decide where a firm should be positioned with regard to value and cost, configure operations accordingly, and manage them efficiently to ensure the firm is operating on the eff iciency frontier. 8. Describe the benefits of global expansion for firms. Global expansion allows firm to capture many opportunities not open to firms that remain focused purely on the domestic market. Firms that operate globally have the opportunity to sell their product in a much larger marketplace. Location economies can be realized through global expansion by dispersing value creation activities to the optimal location in the world. International expansion allows a firm to realize greater cost economies from experience effects.Finally, global expansion provides firms with the opportunity to earn a greater return by leveraging any skills developed in foreign operations and transferring them within the organization. 49. What are the two types of competitive pressures that firms competing in the global marketplace face? How do firms respond to these pressures? Firms that compete in the global marketplace typically face two types of competitive pressure that affect their ability to realize location economies and experience effects, to leverage products and transfer competencies and skills within the enterprise.They face pressures for cost reductions and pressures to be locally responsive. These competitive pressures place conflicting demands on a firm. Responding to pressures for cost reductions requires that a firm try to minimize its unit costs. Responding to pressures to be locally responsive requires that a firm differentiate its product offering and marketing strategy from country to country in an effort to accommodate the diverse demands arising from national differences in consumer tastes and preferences, business practices, distribution channels, competitive conditions, and government policies. 50.What are the four basic strategies that firms use to compete in international markets? Under what conditions is each strategy most appropriate? The four basic strategies that firms use to compete in international markets are the international strategy, the gl obal standardization strategy, the localization strategy, and the transnational strategy. The international strategy is most appropriate when there is low pressure for local responsiveness and low pressure for cost reduction. When there is high pressure for cost reduction, but low pressure for local responsiveness the global standardization strategy makes sense.A localization strategy is appropriate when pressure for local responsiveness is high, but pressure for cost reduction is low. Finally, when pressure for both cost reduction and local responsiveness is high, the transnational strategy is best. 52. What are the three challenges related to strategy and structure that firms must accomplish if they are to achieve superior profitability? Superior enterprise profitability requires that firms fulfill three conditions. First, the different elements of a firm's organizational architecture must be internally consistent.Second, the organizational architecture of the firm must be consist ent with its strategy. Third, the strategy and the structure must not only be consistent with each other, they must also be consistent with the competitive conditions prevailing in the marketplace. 53. Discuss the relationship between a firm's control systems and a firm's incentive system. Why is this relationship important? The relationships between a firm's control systems and incentive systems is a close one. Control systems are the metrics used to measure the performance of subunits and make judgments about how well managers are running those subunits.Incentives are the devices used to reward appropriate managerial behavior. The relationship between these two areas is important because incentives are very closely tied to performance metrics. For example, the incentives of a manager in charge of a national operating subsidiary might be linked to the performance of that company. Specifically, he/she might receive a bonus if her subsidiary exceeds its performance targets. 54. Discu ss the location of decision-making in a firm that is following a transnational strategy. Decision-making in a firm pursuing a transnational strategy is complex.The need to realize location and experience curve economies requires some centralized control over global production centers. Yet, the need for local responsiveness requires the decentralization of many operating decisions, particularly those for marketing, to foreign subsidiaries. Decentralization of decision-making is also needed to allow subsidiaries the freedom to develop their own skills and competencies—a requirement that is necessary for the global learning component of the transnational strategy. 55. Discuss the sources of inertia in organizations. Is it easy to make organizational changes?Organizations are difficult to change. Within most organizations are strong inertia forces. These forces come from a number of sources. One source of inertia is the existing distribution of power and influence within an organ ization. Managers who are not happy with the changes are likely to resist and slow the process. A second source of inertia is the existing culture. Since value systems reflect deeply held beliefs, they can be very hard to change. A third source of inertia derives from senior managers' preconceptions about the appropriate business model or paradigm.Managers may not recognize the value in a given business model that has been successful in the past. Finally, institutional constraints may act as a source of inertia. In some cases, local content rules or regulations pertaining to layoffs can make it difficult for firms to adopt the most effective strategy and architecture. 45. What are first-mover advantages? Discuss the advantages associated with them. First-mover advantages are the advantages frequently associated with entering a market early. One first-mover advantage is the ability to preempt rivals and capture demand by establishing a strong brand name.A second advantage is the abil ity to build sales volume in that country and ride down the experience curve ahead of rivals, giving the early entrant a cost advantage over later entrants. A third advantage is the ability of early entrants to create switching costs that tie customers into their products or services. Such switching costs make it difficult for later entrants to win business. 46. Explain the relationship between first-mover disadvantages and pioneering costs. When a firm enters a market prior to other international businesses, it can have first-mover disadvantages.These disadvantages may give rise to pioneering costs, costs that an early entrant has to bear that a later entrant can avoid. Pioneering costs arise when the business syste m in a foreign country is so different from that in a firm's home market that the enterprise has to devote considerable effort, time, and expense to learning the rules of the game. Pioneering costs also include the costs of promoting and establishing a product offering. Finally, an early entrant may be put at a disadvantage, relative to a later entrant, if regulations change in a way that diminishes the value of the early entrant's investments. 7. Discuss Bartlett and Ghoshal's perspective on how firms from developing countries should approach international expansion. Bartlett and Ghoshal suggest that companies based in developing countries should use the entry of foreign multinationals as an opportunity to learn from these competitors by benchmarking their operations and performance against them. They argue that the local company might be able to find ways to differentiate itself from foreign companies by focusing on market niches that the multinational ignores or is unable to serve effectively if it has a standardized global roduct offering. Then, the firm from the developing nation may then be in a position to pursue its own international expansion strategy. 48. Discuss strategic alliances. How successful are they? Why do firms form strategic a lliances? The term strategic alliance refers to cooperative agreements between potential or actual competitors. Strategic alliances run the range from formal joint ventures, in which two or more firms have equity stakes, to short-term contractual arrangements, in which two companies agree to cooperate on a particular task.Firms enter into strategic alliances for four main reasons. First, strategic alliances may facilitate entry into a foreign market. Second, strategic alliances allow firms to share the fixed costs of developing new products or processes. Third, strategic alliances allow firms to bring together complementary skills and assets that neither company could develop easily on its own. Fourth, strategic alliances can help firms establish technological standards for an industry.

Boys Without Girlfriends

Boys without girl friends in NSU Introduction: As a coeducation institution boys and girls study together in North South University, they come in contact with many strangers on the sidewalks, steps, classrooms, and library. At first these individuals constituted a confusing blur of people they didn’t know. In a relatively short period, however, as they walked down on the campus or sat in the classrooms, some faces began to stand out simply because they passed by or sat beside a few individuals more than once. These casual and unplanned contacts soon led to mutual recognition.Those boys and girls may not have known who these individuals were, but they came to recognize their faces. As a result both of them were more likely to say â€Å"Hi† the next time they saw one another and perhaps exchanged a word or two about random topics such as the upcoming exam, or some event on campus. Thus they become familiar to each other and this familiarity leads to liking. This happens w hen there is too much exposure between boys and girls and they become friends each other. As a result, repeated exposure ordinarily results in increasingly positive feelings and friendly relations. They become friends and come closer to each other.It helps them to find the right person they are looking for, and they expect more company from their likeable persons to know each other very well. Most of the students are aged between 20 and 25, as young people they normally have more attraction towards the opposite sex, they may fall in love with their male or female classmates. Young boys have this kind of feelings or attraction to girls. When any young boy finds the qualities in a young girl that he is looking for, he may fall in love with that girl. The young male students of NSU have this kind of feelings and they may look for the right girl in NSU.But all boys may not have female friends in NSU for several reasons and the research paper will be focused on mainly the condition of th ose boys without female friends and how they handle the situation. [pic] The boys without girlfriends in NSU Most of the boys are without girl friends in NSU, there may be some reasons behind it. At present love is a great issue in any young person’s life; every boy wants to have a girl friend to get company. It is also a psychological need of any young boy, they need love, and affection, and caring and mental support from someone special and it is usually his female friend.When any boy doesn’t have girl friend, he may feel the need of company and the lacking of his psychological needs. It may be a typical condition for those boys who seriously want the mental support and love from a girl whom they are looking for. The other boys don’t have this kind of problem if they find themselves perfect without girl friends. The possible reasons for having no girl friends, the condition without girl friends and feelings of those boys are mainly discussed on the basis of qu estionnaire For the research I did my survey on 50 boys who did not have any girlfriend in NSU.I prepared the research paper analyzing their replies and showed the answers through graphs. [pic] The reasons for not having girlfriend The first question was to identify the reason why the boys don’t have girl friend. Boys may have different reasons for having no girlfriend; the reasons may be financial problems, study pressure and others. The options were mainly given based on the realistic situations of the boys in NSU. The first option was -study pressure; all students need to work hard, study regularly in NSU. They always remain busy with their studies and do not have enough free time.The next option was shortage of money. Money is a big issue in today’s competitive world and it is considered one of the most important facts in any relationship. It is not exceptional for the boys in NSU and they don’t want to spend too much money beyond their limitations. The thir d option was lack of time. The students always remain busy with their studies, classes, project and part time jobs. Some students might not have so much time to spend in vain. They are always in rush to finish their works on time. The last option was for those boys who did not want to have affair with girls during their study.But it was rare. The result of the options will be found from the following graph. [pic] If we look at the graph, 15%students said they did not have female friends for study pressure, 20% showed the reason of shortage of money and the rest 15% did not have enough time to continue affair, their lake of time was the reason for not having girlfriend. [pic] The idea about love Love is a central issue in most people’s lives and some times people may not know the right meaning about love. Their perspective may be different and every one can think about love in different way.The second question was asked that the boys had clear idea about love to make relations hip with any girl. [pic] From the graph, the opinions of the question will be clear. It was found that 20% said they had clear idea about love, 10% said that they did not have so much knowledge about love to make affair with any girl. The rest of the 20% gave opinion that it was not necessary to have clear idea about love, because everyone might have different feelings and thoughts to get involved in affair. [pic] Effect of money The importance of money in love was mentioned in the first question.Money has magical effect to start and continue an affair. There is a popular modern proverb â€Å" The thicker the money bag of boys, the deeper the love is of the girls†. So money has major impact on affair. Most of the boys in NSU strongly supported that proverb, as they do not have enough sources to earn money and to spend the money for their girlfriends. Money is mainly important for boys to treat, give precious gifts to their girlfriends. It is one of the strategies to impress g irl and to maintain social status. It is seen that boys always spend money when they have affair with a girl.At present this traditional way to impress girl has not been changed, in the survey it was found 40% boys strongly agreed with the impact of money on affair. Most of the students believed that it was not affordable for them to treat a girl in some prestigious and expensive restaurant or first food shop. They also gave opinion that they paid a lot of money for their education, so they were not supposed to pay extra money for maintaining femalefreind. If anyone had a girlfriend, he managed money in different ways. Only 5% believed that money did not have any effect on affair.The rest 5% answered money might have effect on affair occasionally not for always. So economical issue is considered as one of the important fact for the boys who think shortage of money is the main reason for having no girlfriend. [pic] From the graph the effectiveness of money is visible, so it can be sa id that money is one of the important factors on affair. [pic] What boys think about NSU girls? The research paper will mainly focus on the boys who don’t have girl friends in NSU. There was also a question what the boys thought about NSU girls. The options were mainly based on the different perspectives.First option was the NSU girls were not good for long time relationship. It was found some girls lost their attraction and they did not have so much patience to continue the relationship for a long time. The next option was they could only be good friends for their friendly qualities and behavior. The third option was that the girls hang out only for study benefits, it was often seen some girls mainly hang out with the boys to get the assignment, project done by the boys and they made good relationship only for study benefits. After the semester they were not as friendly as they before.It was also found that many girls were very rude and they did not want to have affair with any boys. Most of the boys thought that those girls did not value any one’s feelings and they never preferred the likeness of others at any cost. It will be clearer from the graph what boys actually think about NSU girls. [pic] From the pie chart, it has become obvious that the girls of NSU are not good for any long time relationship. The half of the boys (25%) agreed with that. But they can be good friends according the opinion of 10% boys. Other 10% boys gave different opinion; they said some girls hang out only for study benefits.The rest 5 % replied that a few girls did not value the feelings or likeness of any boy. So it is found that NSU girls are not good for any long time relationship according to the opinion of the boys. [pic] Necessity of having girlfriend in NSU There was also a question whether the boys thought that it was necessary having a female friend in NSU. Since boys and girls study together for a long time it is possible for them to get involved in affair. If we look at the graph it will be clear how many boys think to have affair with a girl in NSU. Their opinions related with the question will also visible. pic] Half of the students said that they might have girlfriend without hampering study. When any boys and girls have affair, there may be some emotional problems, which causes loosing concentration to study. As the students pay al lot of money for their studies and they never want to fail or getting lower grades in their courses. 25% boys wanted to have girlfriend without hampering their studies. Other 15% strictly said that it was not necessary to love any girl in NSU. Only 5% replied it was necessary having girlfriend and the rest 5% said that the boys could have only one girlfriend not more than one.It is found most of the boys prefer to have girlfriend without hampering their studies. [pic] Bad expereince about affair with NSU girls When people have any bad expereince of any thing in his life, he will never want to do the sa me thing again. If any boy has bad expereince about romantic relationship, he must try to avoid getting involved in relationship due to his previous expereince. Some boys may have bad experiences about relationship with NSU girls. It was also included in the questionnaire. The first option was about the heart breaking, there might be some facts that could break any boys’ heart.The second option was about those who did not have any bad expereince about relationship with NSU girls. The next option was the fact of being rejected. It was found in most cases that the majority of the boys were rejected and they suffered mentally for a long time. When any boy is rejected, it might be difficult for him to overcome his mental depression. It is a common fact in NSU that many boys have the pathetic expereince of being rejected. The following graph will show how many boys have bad expereince about relationship with NSU girls. [pic]From the bar graph, we can see that few students (10%) ha d heart broken expereince. The majority of the students (20%) did not have any bad expereince. Some boys were found having the expereince of being rejected; those 15% mainly did not get any response from the girls to get involved in affair. The rest of the students had other experiences. [pic] What boys do when they see any couple? It is found that most of the boys are without girlfriends in NSU, and few of them have girlfriends. What happened when the boys saw the couples and their reaction was asked in the questionnaire.It was found that most of the students did nothing when they saw any couple, they did not have any reaction and they took it normally. Few of the students were found that they admired, criticized and sometimes dreamed to be like them. It will be clear from the graph [pic] It is seen that 40% boys did nothing and they did not show any reaction. So when they saw any couple it seemed to be usual fact to the boys. A few of boys were found who admired or criticized when they saw any couple. Fantasies also worked in the boys who dreamed to be a couple with the girls whom they loved. pic] Feelings of boys without girlfriends The next question was about the most sensitive issue- the feelings of the boys without girl friends. Most of the boys feel loneliness†-an emotional and cognitive reaction to having fewer and less satisfying relationship than one desires. † Loneliness is accomplished by negative effect, including feelings of depression, anxiety, unhappiness, and dissatisfaction. The boys who did not have enough friends, they felt lonely without girl friends in NSU. Some boys do not bother responsibility in any kind of serious type of relationship like affair.Those boys may be happy without girlfriends because they do not have other responsibilities and restrictions. They are free from emotional bindings. A young boy without girlfriend may feel boring, he become tired for his monotonous life without the regular company of a charming gi rlfriend. It is usual fact for the young aged people; they always expect the company of opposite sex. Few boys may be found that they do not want to get involved in an affair. They may dislike having romance with any girl during their study. The reply of the boys is shown in the following graph. [pic]The bar graph shows that half of the boys (25%) replied they were free from all kinds of responsibilities in affair. They did not need to be worried about their duties to girlfriends. The other 15% felt the loneliness. Though they had friends, they expected the company of a girlfriend and the lack ness made them feel lonely. Only 5% felt boring in the condition without girlfriend and the rest 5% thought differently. They said that they were fine without girlfriends and they did not want to be involved in any close relationship with a girl in NSU. [pic] Passing time without girlfriendWhen a boy is involved in an affair with a girl, he usually passes time together and enjoys the every mom ent they are passing together. But the boys without girlfriends passed their time in different ways. When they are alone they pass the time in studying, Most of the boys without girlfriends pass their time chatting with friends. This gives them opportunity to pass time in an enjoyable way. It may fill the lack of the girlfriend’s company, and the boys do not feel loneliness. Some boys who did not have enough friends, they might feel loneliness and those boys passed the time walking alone outside the campus.Most of the boys without girlfriends do not want to be frustrated and they pass time according to their own choice. From the graph it will be clear by how most of the boys pass time without girlfriends. [pic] If we look at the graph, majority of the boys (35%) passed time by chatting with friends and enjoyed the company while they were with their friends. The other 10% students replied that they passed time by studying in library. A few of the boys (5%) passed time by brows ing Internet and mailing friends who live in abroad. From all the replies of the boys, it is visible that most of them enjoy their friend’s company to pass free time. pic] Facing problems without girlfriends When boys could not get involved in romantic relationship with the girls whom they loved, they (boys) were frustrated and passed through problematic life. The problem that they actually face is for loneliness. When any boy feels loneliness, he may be frustrated or depressed and it hampers his mental satisfactions. A boy may suffer more depression when a girl refuses him, he may be frustrated for his heart broken. He lost confidence or attraction to love when he found his dream did not come true, it might change his mentality and idea about love.When any boy proposes a girl, he must be self-confident but after the refusal he can loose his self-confidence and never want to propose any girl in future. In this way the boys may be dissatisfied with affair and they loose attrac tion to love. The options in the question focused the problems that boys faced without girlfriend. [pic] The graph is indicating that how many boys face problems when they don’t have girlfriends. 20% of the boys felt the problems of requiring regular company of a girl. 15% replied that they were often frustrated and dissatisfied with their condition without girlfriends.The other 10% said that they were loosing confidence when any girl refused them, and the rest 5% answered that they were loosing attraction to love. [pic] Future desire to have girlfriend The boys who are now without girlfriends may have wish to get involved in affair with a girl in future. The last question was about the future planning of boys to make any girl as girlfriend in future, it actually depended on some several conditions. Every body wants to find out the similarities from others to continue a relationship. Similarities are more important than repeated exposure.When any boy finds similar mentality, choices with a girl, he becomes emotionally weak to her. They always look for a girl who has all kinds of qualities that the boys are looking for. Some students do not prefer girlfriends in student life and they never want to make girlfriends in future. Sometimes it actually depends on the situation if the boys are capable to continue relationship. Most of the boys are afraid to get involved in affair due to family restriction. If the boys get support from the parents, they may be involved in romantic relationship with girls.They will try to do that when there is no family restriction. [pic] Since the research paper is based on the opinion of the boys without girlfriends, there was also given two open questions to write down how they coped with the situation and whether they actually preferred the condition without girlfriends. Many boys gave different opinions and expressed feelings when they had no girlfriends, they passed life with bad expereince if they were rejected or cheated by any girl. It might have impact on a boy’s mind when he would not get the girl whom he loved.From the replies of the boys it is also seen that some of the boys are fine because they don’t have any extra responsibilities for a particular girl as the boys have no romantic relation with any girl. [pic] Conclusion When life itself does not come to a halt and any one does not stop breathing, than there is no being upset in being upset for not having girlfriend and jeopardizing their own life. Actually this is the age to study and to build them up and there will always be a better one for waiting. Most of the boys in NSU are young and this is the stage to prepare them for the future.Their entire future mainly depends on how they pass their young age and how much they can concentrate in study. When any student can overcome all his problems and pay attention to study he must be successful in his life, he won’t be afraid to face any problems that he may come across in future. Most of the boys are without girlfriend in NSU, it can give them mental dissatisfaction for the want of company. The reasons and conditions without girlfriends may be different, but the important thing is not to take the condition without girlfriends seriously.So if the boys think their life is boring and they are loosing confidence due to frustration, it will be harmful to them in future. No one can progress without self-confidence. If any boy has problems without girlfriend, he should try to overcome the depression by any means to keep him free from all kinds of emotional and psychological problems. It will be beneficial for their own future. This is the age for having fun not getting into serious mental depression. They should look at the bright side of not having girlfriends; they spend money and time in enjoying games, eating out with friends, and camping.